Е. Фишзон.«Британский империализм и создание Еврейского Государства»
8 декабря 2020 года состоялась онлайн встреча под названием «Британский империализм и создание Еврейского Государства», приуроченная к годовщине решения ООН о создании на территории подмандатной Палестины Государства Израиль – 29 ноября.
В ходе встречи научный сотрудник института памяти Менахема Бегина в Иерусалиме, историк и экскурсовод Ехиель Фишзон рассказал о противоречивой роли политической элиты Британии в создании еврейского очага на Ближнем Востоке.
Встреча состоялась в онлайн студии «Лимонад» в рамках проекта “Украина в сионистском мире”, проводимого Сионистской федерацией Украины с октября 2020 года при поддержке Департамента поддержки диаспоры ВСО в сотрудничестве с Ваадом Украины и Сертификатной программой по иудаике.
Запись встречи можно посмотреть на Youtube-канале студии «Лимонад» по ссылке.
Т. Герцль, надо сказать, отнюдь не был ярым поборником не только ивритского монолингвизма, но и возрождения иврита как такового. Сам он в любом случае писал свои книги – и «Еврейское государство», и роман «Altneuland» («Возрожденная древняя страна») – по-немецки, и нигде в этих сочинениях он не выразил мнения, что именно иврит должен стать государственным языком в той стране, о создании которой он грезил. Э. Перельман (Бен-Йеуда) пошел гораздо, гораздо дальше – еще в статье, опубликованной в журнале «А-Шахар» (хотя журнал этот выходил в Вене, его бессменным редактором был уроженец Могилевской губернии Перец Смоленскин) в 1879 году, он утверждал, что залогом обновления еврейской нации и ее жизни в будущем может быть только возвращение в Сион и возрождение иврита в качестве разговорного языка. Более того, Э. Перельман высказывал мнение, что эти явления взаимообусловлены, то есть возрождение иврита может произойти только в Эрец-Исраэль, а возрождение еврейского народа в Эрец-Исраэль возможно только в процессе возрождения иврита. Переселившись в Иерусалим, Э. Бен-Йеуда продолжил дело всей своей жизни – составление словаря языка иврит (публикация «Полного словаря древнего и современного иврита» была начата им в 1910 году; издание этой грандиозной работы было завершено спустя много лет после смерти ее инициатора, в 1959 году, когда вышел последний, восемнадцатый том). Семья Э. Бен-Йеуды была первым еврейским домом в Палестине, где говорили на иврите, а его старший сын Бен-Цион (позднее сменил имя на Итамар Бен-Ави) – первым носителем этого языка как родного, спустя более тысячи лет после утраты ивритом разговорной функции. В 1882– 1885 годах Э. Бен-Йеуда учительствовал в иерусалимской школе «Альянса», добившись, чтобы иврит был признан в ней единственным языком преподавания еврейских предметов. Таким образом, благодаря Бен-Йеуде эта школа была первой, в которой иврит стал языком преподавания. В конце 1884 года Э. Бен-Йеуда основал еженедельник «А-Цви», преобразованный в 1908 году в ежедневную газету, которая с 1910 года называлась «А-Ор» и просуществовала до 1915 года. Газета «А-Цви» была первым периодическим изданием на иврите, соответствовавшим тогдашним европейским стандартам. Большое внимание Э. Бен-Йеуда уделял обогащению языка, создав огромное количество неологизмов, значительная часть которых существует в иврите и до сих пор. После утверждения британского мандата над Палестиной именно два выходца из Российской империи – Э. Бен-Йеуда и М. Усышкин – убедили главу британской мандатной администрации Герберта Сэмюэла провозгласить иврит одним из трех официальных языков страны, наряду с английским и арабским. В 1890 году Э. Бен-Йеуда стоял у истоков «Ваад а-лашон а-иврит» («Комитета языка иврит»), председателем которого он оставался до самой смерти. Правопреемником Комитета стала Академия языка иврит, первым президентом которой был уроженец Львова Нафтали-Герц Тур-Синай (Торчинер), остававшийся на этом посту до своей смерти в 1973 году.
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